Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 Test

Photosynthesis generates ___ and ___, which are used in cellular respiration

Cells use chemical energy stored in organic molecules to generate ATP, which powers work

The breakdown of organic molecules is ___

___ is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

___ consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

___ is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other
than O2

exergonic

Fermentation

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

___ includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is ofttimes used to refer to aerobic respiration

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed every bit fuel if necessary.

Cellular respiration with glucose

C6H12O6 + half dozen O2 → 6 CO2 + half dozen H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases free energy stored in organic molecules. These reactions are called ___.

This released energy is ultimately used to synthesize ___

In ___, a substance loses electrons,
or is oxidized

In ___, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced)

redox reactions

ATP

oxidation

reduction

In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are cleaved down in a series of steps

Electrons from organic compounds are usually offset transferred to ___, a coenzyme or FAD

Each NADH (the reduced course of NAD+) and FADH2  (the reduced course of FAD) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

NADH and FADH2 pass the electrons to the ___

Dissimilar an uncontrolled reaction, the electron ship chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of 1 explosive reaction

O2 pulls electrons downwardly the concatenation in an free energy-yielding tumble

The energy yielded is used to regenerate ATP

(The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview)

Harvesting of free energy from glucose has three stages

___ (breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate)

___ (completes the breakup of glucose)

___ (accounts for most of the ATP synthesis). The process is powered by redox reactions.

Glycolysis

The citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation

___ accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration

A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by ___

For each molecule of glucose degraded to CO2 and water by respiration, the prison cell makes upwardly to ___ molecules of ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation

substrate-level phosphorylation

32

(Glycolysis harvests chemical energy past oxidizing glucose to pyruvate)

Glycolysis ("sugar splitting") breaks down glucose into ___

Glycolysis occurs in the ___ and has two major phases

___

___

Glycolysis occurs whether or not O2 is present

two molecules of pyruvate

cytoplasm

Energy investment phase

Energy payoff phase

(After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acrid wheel completes the free energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules)

In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion (in eukaryotic cells) where the oxidation of glucose is completed

Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must exist converted to ___, which links glycolysis to the citric acrid cycle

This process yields ___ for every pyruvate that enters the mitochondrion.

acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

1 NADH

(The Citric Acid Cycle)

The citric acid bike, also chosen the Krebs cycle, completes the ___

The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating ___ per turn

breakup of pyruvate to CO2

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

The citric acid bike has ___ steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme

The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the bicycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate

The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a wheel

The NADH and FADH2 produced past the cycle relay electrons extracted from food to the electron send concatenation

(During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis)

Following glycolysis and the citric acrid cycle, ___ business relationship for most of the free energy extracted from food

These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron send chain, which powers ATP synthesis via ___

NADH and FADH2

oxidative phosphorylation

(The Pathway of Electron Ship)

The electron transport chain is in the ___ of the mitochondrion

Most of the chain's components are ___,
which exist in multiprotein complexes

The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they___

Electrons drop in free free energy as they go down the concatenation and are finally passed to ___

inner membrane (cristae)

proteins

take and donate electrons

O2, forming H2O

Electrons are transferred from ___ to the ___

Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including ___ (each with an iron atom) to O2

The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly

It breaks the big free-free energy drop from nutrient to O2 into smaller steps that release free energy in manageable amounts

NADH or FADH2

electron transport chain

cytochromes

(Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Machinery)

Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump ___ from the mitochondrial matrix to the ___

H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the poly peptide complex, ___

ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

This is an example of ___, the employ of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

H+

intermembrane space

ATP synthase

chemiosmosis

The energy stored in a H+ gradient beyond a membrane couples the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis

The H+ gradient is referred to as a ___, emphasizing its capacity to do work

(An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular Respiration)

During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence:

  glucose → NADH → electron transport concatenation → proton-motive forcefulness → ATP

About 34% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about ___ ATP

(Fermentation and anaerobic
respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the employ of oxygen)

Most cellular respiration requires ___ to produce ATP

Without O2, the electron send chain volition finish to operate

In that case, glycolysis couples with anaerobic respiration or___ to produce ATP

___ uses an electron ship chain with a terminal electron acceptor other than O2, for example sulfate

*Fermentation uses ___ instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP

Anaerobic respiration

substrate-level phosphorylation

(Types of Fermentation)

Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate ___, which tin be___

Ii common types are___ and ___

NAD+

reused by glycolysis

alcohol fermentation and lactic acrid fermentation

In alcohol fermentation, ___ is converted to ethanol in two steps

The first step releases ___

The second stride produces ___

Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking

In ___, pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming lactate (lactic acid) as an stop product, with no release of CO2

Lactic acrid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt

Human musculus cells utilise lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is deficient

Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 Test,

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